Mirror neurons are a newly discovered group of cells that are spontaneously activated when a person performs and/or monitors an action. The proof of their existence is a significant breakthrough in neurosciences. It is assumed that these neurons are responsible for various functions of the nervous system – empathy, imitation, prediction of others’ intentions, etc. Various new neurorehabilitation techniques, based on the concept of mirror neurons, have been developed for patients with paresis, paralysis and aphasia after damage to the central nervous system (primarily strokes and traumas). This therapy appears to be promising in Parkinson's disease, Moebius syndrome, cerebral paresis in children, phantom pain. There is a link between dysfunction of mirror neurons and autism spectrum diseases, as well as some neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Some scientists assume that mirror neurons form a new so-called “Social Nervous System”. Their role is to be further studied, evaluated and adequately applied in medical practice.